Submerged Fermentation is the most common method of efficiently producing large quantities of enzymes, particularly industrial enzymes used in various industries like textiles or bioenergy. This involves growing carefully selected microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in closed vessels containing a rich broth of nutrients (the fermentation medium) and a high concentration of oxygen (aerobic conditions). As the microorganisms break down the nutrients, they release the desired enzymes into solution, a process called fermentation. Fermentation takes place in large vessels called fermenters with volumes of up to 1,000 cubic meters. The fermentation media is comprised of sterilized nutrients based on renewable raw materials like maize starch, sugars and soy flour. Various elementary salts are also added depending on the microbe being grown.